According to Wikipedia, the word cheese derives from the Latin word caseus, which eventually became kasjus in early West Germanic. The Italian, French and Catalan words below, derived from another Latin word, formaticum (from caseus formatus), which translates as "formed or molded cheese." With many of the others below, it is easy to see their similarity to the original word caseus.
Italian - formaggio
French - fromage
Spanish - queso
Catalan - formatge
Portuguese - queijo
Romanian - branza
German - käse
Dutch - kaas
Danish/Norwegian/Swedish - ost
Finnish - juusto (pronounced oo-stoe)
Irish Gaelic - cáis
Russian - сыр (pronounced "syr") Arabic - جبنة, jubnah
Greek - τυρί (pronounced teeree)
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